Existential Therapy

Existential Therapy Running Head: EXISTENTIAL TherapyExistential TherapyIntroductionExistential treatment is a solid methodology which grasps human potential, while staying a sensible methodology through its acknowledgment of human confinement. Falling in the convention of profundity existential is basic with humanistic, psychodynamic, experiential, and social ways to deal with treatment. This treatment is on a very basic level unique in relation to each sort of treatment. As indicated by Ernesto, (2007) this treatment is for presence while analysts perceive the act of existential treatment as assortment of psychotherapy. It additionally addresses life issues point of view and along these lines goes about as assortment of psychotherapy.DiscussionAfter having the nitty gritty information about the existential treatment it could be perceived that the Ruth has some difficult which have a place with her character and her prior life, wherein condition she has grown up, as she portray herself she was the most established of four youngsters and her dad was a fundamentalist clergyman and her mom was a basic housewife.E is for Education and for ExistentialismAccording to Emmy, (2005) Ruth recalls her mom as being basic, and she believed that she would never do what's necessary to please her. While her mom was steady and the family shown little fondness from multiple points of view Ruth assumed the job of thinking about her more youthful kin, to a great extent in the expectation of winning the endorsement of her folks. One might say that Ruth has some character issue and should be chamber through the accomplished psychiatrics.As far as existential treatment is concerned it manages Psychological wellbeing, from an existential view, is described by a capacity to explore an amazing complexities of the Ruth, the world, and Ruth associations with the world. Uproar, then again, is taken as the result of maintaining a strategic distance from life's facts and of working under the shadow of differen t desires for the individuals and qualities.

Philippine Independent Cinema Essay

Free movies, all the more generally known as outside the box films, will be films not made by standard creation houses or film studios. They are autonomous of the impacts, authority, and control of the standard business (Makuha, 2010). The rise of new and exceptionally propelled cameras in the market and the headway of innovation have brought forth the development of outside the box films. This permitted anybody to make their own film in agreement to their own style without the impacts of standard motion pictures, which to be sure effectsly affect the film business, particularly in the Philippines. These movies turned out to be progressively seen and increasingly significant and they have spared the gradually kicking the bucket film industry (Makuha, 2010). Peruse more: Essay About Philippine Independent Cinema In the concise history of film, progresses in innovation have every once in a while tested and changed industry models. These advances have fashioned their most huge changes on free parts of the film business. In the magnificence days of the studio framework, an equal or genuine adversary to that framework originating from the autonomous business would be inconceivable; the expense and challenge of creation and after creation was restrictive, troubles of advancement unrealistic. The Internet and numerous new computerized appropriation advancements are currently beginning to expel obstructions for the creators and wholesalers of free movies (Landers, 2006). The improvement of the 16mm camera and advances in sound innovation made it conceivable, however still troublesome, for people or little gatherings of movie producers to make their vision understood †something once in a while conceivable in the times of the Edison syndication on innovation, or the restrictive expense of 35mm cameras and expert lighting arrangements. The difficulties of film making were still huge in number, however the improvement of a free segment of the business constrained the majors to pay heed, however the advancement of auxiliaries explicitly entrusted to observe and appropriate promising autonomous movies neglected to emerge. Autonomous film had a restricted crowd, by and large constrained to subcultures of underground or test film. (Such crowds were frequently principally made out of individual producers †however it bears taking note of that by and large, these self-choosing people were not the individuals who might end up viewing a lion's share of the studio endeavors.) (Tioseco, 2005) Inside the most recent a very long while, propels in advanced film have promoted a comparative and even more impressive renaissance. High-goals advanced video offers a picture quality that matches that of film stock, while video camcorders, and moderately moderate proficient quality altering programming equipped for being run on modest PCs have made the creation and after creation process conceivable, sensible and available for a generous number of people. With the subsequent increment in the number and nature of such movies being made, a subsequent social scene rose close by, however not exactly outside, the standard (Landers, 2006).

Ideology ; Discourse Free Essays

Belief system, what is that? There are hundred answers and none of them is correct or wrong. The greater part of belief system definitions are not perfect with one another, however I have discovered one that I like the most: Anâ ideologyâ is a set ofâ ideasâ that comprise one’s goals,â expectations, andâ actions. A philosophy is a complete vision, a perspective on as in severalâ philosophicalâ tendencies, or a lot of thoughts proposed by the predominant class of a general public to all individuals from this general public. We will compose a custom paper test on Philosophy ; Discourse or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Philosophies are frameworks of unique idea applied to open issues and in this way make this idea fundamental to governmental issues. Certainly every political or monetary inclination involves a philosophy whether it is propounded as an unequivocal arrangement of thought. 1 So belief system is an arrangement of conceptualized perspectives and ides, communicating the interests of various social classes, gatherings and social orders, to assess connections among individuals and reality, just as approved on a network type of mastery and force (moderate philosophy) or settle their change (radical, progressive philosophy). It is anything but a science, yet it incorporates logical information on social and politic life, just as surveying it. Genuine case of awful philosophy was Nazi in Germany, when Hitler needed to â€Å"clean† the Aryan race from â€Å"sub-human† †Jews, Gypsies, gay people and incapacitated individuals who were at the base of racial progressive system by Nazi examinations. Presently how about we proceed onward talk. What is that? Talk is the term that depicts composed and spokenâ communications; the â€Å"language in the language,† a specific jargon, semantics, pragmatics and punctuation, showing itself in real open acts, addresses and messages. â€Å"Discourse establishes the social. Three components of the social are recognized †information, social relations, and social personality †and these compare separately to three significant elements of language †¦ Discourse is molded by relations of intensity, and contributed belief systems. † (Fairclough 1992:8). 2 Example: Discourses are believed to influence our perspectives on all things; it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to maintain a strategic distance from talk. For instance, two strikingly unmistakable talks can be utilized about variousâ guerrillaâ movements portraying them either as â€Å"freedom fighters† or â€Å"terrorists†. At the end of the day, the picked talk gives the jargon, articulations and maybe additionally theâ styleâ needed to convey. 3 So how belief system and talk cooperates? As a matter of fact the two of them are inseparably associated with one another, in light of the fact that both are components of human contemplations and correspondence. A few people say that belief system influence talk, other state that talk is utilized as an approach to convey a philosophy. 4 It's critical to recollect that while investigating media writings, in light of the fact that the translation of the content will rely upon individual who composed it and his sentiment regarding the matter and the individual who is understanding it. For instance some political articles in papers in the UK have political arrangements, some help Labors, some help Democrats. So when one of the gatherings needs to compose an official statement or something their ideological talk will be sorted out by a general system of positive self-introduction (gloating) and negative other-introduction (criticism). This system may work at all levels, for the most part so that our beneficial things are stressed and our awful things de-underscored, and the inverse for the Othersâ€whose awful things will be improved, and whose beneficial things will be moderated, covered up or overlooked. Step by step instructions to refer to Ideology ; Discourse, Papers

Audit Firm To Fund 50 Masters Degrees

Audit Firm To Fund 50 Masters Degrees by: Naomi Nishihara on August 04, 2016 | 0 Comments Comments 882 Views August 4, 2016In a move that may change the future of recruiting, audit, tax, and advisory services network KPMG LLP has teamed up with Villanova University and Ohio State University to launch a first-of-its-kind initiative in which KPMG  will cover tuition, room, and board for selected students to earn a master’s degree in accounting with data and analytics. When they graduate, the chosen students will work for KPMG.The firm is accepting applications this fall from rising seniors who will have completed a bachelor’s degree in accounting by fall 2017. Robert Wade, spokesperson for KPMG, says the firm  currently is working with accounting schools around the country to identify top students. 50 will be accepted, with half to attend Villanova and half to attend Ohio State.â€Å"This is a new way to attract talented employees, get their attention early, and offer them unprecedented educational and on-the-job experiences that will give them the additional skills they need to succeed — even before they join our firm,† Wade says.Once accepted, students will have access to KPMG digital tools, and between classes in the fall and summer semesters they’ll participate in a spring internship at KPMG.With tuition at Villanova and OSU around $50,000 per student, KPMG is offering  a significant amount of money. According to data from the Society of Human Resource Management, a survey of 450 companies found that while 56% offer undergraduate education assistance and 52% offer graduate educational assistance, only 3% offer student loan repayment to their employees. And besides KPMG, no companies currently pay tuition for future employees.FIRST-OF-ITS-KIND DEGREEThe recruiting collaboration is just one aspect of the initiative. The combined accounting and analytics degree is a first of its kind, too. Daniel Wright, vice dean of the Villanova School of Business, says the accounting profession is changing, and accounting firms are beginning to emphasize analytics more.A year and a half ago, Wright  says, KPMG reached out to start a conversation about Villanova’s capabilities in the accounting and analytics fields. That led to a conversation about how the firm and the school  might craft a program together.KMPG approached OSU as well, and Anil K. Makhija, dean and John W. Berry Sr. chair in business at Fisher College of Business, says that school  jumped at the opportunity.â€Å"Data and analytics is a critical component of the future of business, and innovative partnerships like this one are uniquely preparing the next generation of accounting leadership to meet the challenges of the 21st-century, data-driven landscape,† Makhija says.BUILDING A PROGRAM FOR FUTURE KPMG EMPLOYEESFrom KPMG’s perspective, the new programs at Villanova and OSU seem intuitive, Robert  Wade says, as it is becoming more important for employees to be versed in analyzing large data sets and providing insight in ways that protect capital markets.To meet KPMG’s need, the Villanova program has been customized specifically to prepare students to work there, Daniel Wright says. They’ll have KPMG data and tools in the classroom, executives will visit, and real case studies will be used in coursework.â€Å"There’s no program like this is the country,† Wright  says. â€Å"To be a leader in this is quite exciting for a business school.†Makhija is also excited about the potential of the new program. â€Å"Whether through programs, partnerships, or research, bold thinking and innovation has distinguished business education at the Ohio State University for more than 100 years,† he says. â€Å"The reputation of Fisher College of Business is built upon the success of our students and the contributions of our faculty. This program is another example of our commitment to uniquely preparing our students for successful careers.†THE FIRST OF MANY SUCH PROGRAMS?Wade says KPMG chose Villanova and OSU because they are among the  schools with leading accounting programs. â€Å"We are starting here, and we are looking at additional schools,† he says. Ideally, he adds, the program will expand, and the best students in the industry will compete to get in and become loyal KPMG employees.â€Å"There is no doubt that the amount of information generated by our clients and the marketplace will continue to increase exponentially, Wade says, and we need extraordinary people who can utilize that information to improve quality and the way we deliver our work. Page 1 of 11

Uniforms And Its Effect On Public School - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1776 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Education Essay Level High school Topics: School Uniforms Essay Did you like this example? As students and parents, there is a need for safer schools, with less bullying, gang violence, discrimination, and distractions, and more learning. Well, there is one solution to help with these problems in our publish schools, school uniforms. There are a high number of issues going on in public schools today, rich or poor: gang violence, discrimination, bullying, suicide, failing students, competition, and so much more. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uniforms And Its Effect On Public School" essay for you Create order The NEA, national educators, stated, â€Å"Bullying impacts approximately 13 million students every year, and some 160,000 students stay home from school each day because of bullying†(NEA). There is a solution that can reduce the amount of these issues in public schools, school uniforms. It sounds too simple, maybe even crazy, but from personal experiences, studies and data, and journals prove otherwise. Therefore, should be school uniforms in all public schools to help with safer and better environment for students to learn and grow. Some students hate the thought of having to wear uniforms, but if you look at the effects of uniforms, they would see it is not as bad as you think. Students want to express themselves with their clothes, they feel they are entitled to wearing whatever they want. All schools whether the students like it or not have a dress code policy that all students are forced to follow anyway. Uniforms are just a step up, a step towards good. There are still ways to express yourself with having uniforms in schools. Who better to tell the differences and how they are beneficial than a girl who has been to school wearing uniforms in a private school, as well as not wearing uniforms in a public school. A girl named Samantha Schmitz has done both uniforms and no uniforms in her years of school. She is now a junior in high school and wore uniforms during middle school. She said, â€Å"I liked having uniforms for many reasons: it took me like five minutes to get ready, no one cared how I looked, No on e judged what I was wearing, and everyone just saw each other for who they really are†(Schmitz). Samantha understood that yes she could not wear comfy sweats to school, but at least no one cared what she wore and she wore the same uniform every day. Uniforms are great for the reasons she listed and it helps the parents not have their children take an hour or so to get out the door every morning. Samantha also understood that she could not express herself to the full extent off kids who do not have to wear uniforms. She explains, â€Å" I still got to express myself through dress, by spirit days, accessories, sports, and more accessories. But I expressed myself by making friends and telling them about myself† (Schmitz). There are many ways to express yourself while still wearing a uniform. Uniforms help with making friends, getting ready easier in the morning on students and parents, and school spirit. It also helps students not see each other as poor or rich, because they all are wearing the same thing, which gets rid of biases and discrimination. Since the kids are all t he same level, and it helps get their eyes off the external things, and more on each other. There are much more benefits than just these that can make school easier for students and parents. There are countless numbers of small and big benefits to having uniforms in all schools. One of the bigger benefits of uniforms is to help substantially, not fix, the problem of bullying in schools today. Bullying is having a rising effect on students even at a young age; they feel this need to be better than each other and will put classmates and friends down to get there, that is what they are taught in todays society. A website named, â€Å"Understand the issues, understand each other†, talks about the matter of bullying and says, â€Å"When all students have dressed alike, competition between students over clothing choices and the teasing of those who are dressed in less expensive or less fashionable outfits can be eliminated†(ProCon.org). When all the children are dressed alike there is no reason for them to keep trying to look better and be better than each other, they are all equal. With uniforms, they are not caring about how they look, but instead more focuse d on being kind and not teasing each other but getting to know one another first. Contextualize evidence: It is heartbreaking when a student is bullied repeatedly for being poor or not having clothes, wearing the same thing every day, and therefore has no friends. The website also stated â€Å"all kids on the same playing field in terms of their appearance. I think it probably gives them a sense of belonging and a feeling of being socially accepted†(ProCon.org)This is crucial for someone young or old, humans need a place where they feel like they belong, to feel safe. Without this, we see people all the time feel like they never belonged and go as far to take their own life for not fitting in anywhere, and these painful issues start at a young age. So it is so important to have students feel like they belong and feel safe, and this issue can be repaired with school uniforms. The National Crime Victimization did a study, â€Å"this study uses a chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree and logistic regression models to identify factors that increase bullying in schools. Being distracted and the fear of being attacked was among the top statistically significant variables when using both methodologies†(Brewer Jr 219). Having a safe school in this world today is much needed, and their needs to be simple s teps that can happen to improve this issue. Safety in public schools is extremely important. There is so much violence, behavior problems, shootings, suicides, bomb threats, trespassers, gang violence, associations, possession of drugs, fights, and more. Students as young as elementary schools should not have to fear school or deal with these problems of violence. Around 2000, the school district of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania required 250 public schools to require a school uniform policy. Researchers from the University of Houston analyzed almost 20 years of date, research, records, scores, behavior, attendance, and more to see the effect of the study. They concluded, â€Å"The study concluded that uniform policies resulted in improvements in academics, attendance, and behavior†(Gale). This data is valuable because it was taken in an area with high crime rates over the span of about 20 years, which will allow us to see either positive or negative change. Likewise, Long Beach schools did similar studies, implementing school uniform policy at various public schools in the area. After two years, reports and research showed a huge impact, â€Å"reports of assault and battery in the districts schools decreased by 34%, assault with a deadly weapon dropped by 50%, fighting incidents went down by 51%, sex offenses were cut by 74%, robbery dropped by 65%, possession of weapons (or weapon look-alikes) decreased by 52%, possession of drugs went down by 69%, and vandalism was lowered by 18%†(ProCon.org). This area in California also has high crime rates. There are many more studies and experiments that followed this impactful train, and schools that show growth in safety, and improved with better education from wearing school uniforms, like private or charter schools. Some people are against the idea of school uniforms for a couple of reasons; reasons that can be solved by an explanation of the school uniform policies. But nevertheless, these concerns are important and make sense why people are opposed to them. Parents have complained and addressed the issue of the cost of uniforms, saying that it is not fair for schools to force the families to purchase uniforms. However, if parents took the time to look into this, they would see that it not as difficult to get help or find the money to get the uniforms. Most parents buy their kid clothes before school or during school so they can have outfits during the week, and that is the same as buying a couple outfits for the children to wear throughout the whole year. One journal explained â€Å"Some states such as California have put legislation in place that requires public schools with mandatory uniform policies to offer low-income families financial assistance to purchase the uniforms. No federal law forbids a school district from requiring its students to purchase uniforms, however, and provisions requiring exemptions for low-income families do not apply to private schools†(Gale). The cost of uniforms can be solved easily with the governments help. From the same journal explained what the cost is estimated around for family that can afford it, â€Å" A 2013 study by school uniform retailer Land’s End and the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) found that 77 percent of principals and other school leaders estimated the cost of their children’s uniforms to be no more than $150 a year†(Gale). This was five years ago, however, it is not bank threatening to buy a couple of outfits. Furthermore, schools with uniforms have a system where old student have the option to donate their old uniforms to the students who can not afford them. So there are many solutions to this issue that guardians have about uniforms, and like all the other concerns it just takes a little looking into. To conclude, school uniforms in public schools would be really impactful, and helpful to our society, and unsafe schools. There are so many benefits to having uniforms in schools. Kids should have a safe place to go. A place to feel like they belong.A place where there isnt drugs and bullying and violence. A place where they can be themselves, and have fun. A place where they can not worry about if they look better than their classmates, or worry about external things. A place to make friends. A place to learn. School uniforms will not fix the problem right away, but it is a start to improving schools to be a place to learn and grow safely. Work Cited Gale. School Uniforms. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC3010999340/OVIC?u=msjacintoccsid=OVICxid=9afd8faa. Accessed 9 Dec. 2018. â€Å"Nations Educators Continue Push for Safe, Bully-Free Environments.† NEA, www.nea.org/home/53298.htm. Schmitz, Samantha. Personal interview. 2 December 2018. â€Å"School Uniforms ProCon.org.† ProConorg Headlines, school-uniforms.procon.org/. Accessed 5 December 2018. Brewer Jr., Steven Lawrence. â€Å"Fearful and Distracted in School: Predicting Bullying among Youths.† Children Schools, vol. 39, no. 4, Oct. 2017, pp. 219–226. EBSCOhost, proxylib.msjc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pbhAN=125413210site=eds-live. Accessed 10 December 2018

Its Time to Put an End to Child Labor Essay - 1268 Words

Its Time to Put an End to Child Labor People believe that child labor does not affect them, not realizing that the Persian rugs they put their feet on are made by suffering children in a dark, small room. They don’t realize the soccer balls that their children are kicking around outside are made by children themselves, who slave away for little or no pay at all. In 1999, ap-proximately 250 million children are employed or enslaved across the world for little or no money at all (Gay 23). Imagine how these child workers are depraved from experi-ences the joys of childhood. These poor children never get to play outside or enjoy a simple game. Child labor is a harrowing experience for anyone involved in it. In order to end this travesty†¦show more content†¦Children should not be forced to suffer adult maladies. Imagine a child aged seven, who is supposed to be full of vitality and energy, having arthritis, bad back, and cataracts. These are just some of the maladies that child laborers in Indian rug shops suf-fer from. Children often have to work in closet sized rooms, hunched over and squinting from lack of light. The woolen fluff they work with causes skin rashes and lung compli-cations (Williams 18). An even more serious malady happens on the sugar plantations in Brazil. The children use machetes, large knives, to cut the sugar cane crop. This poses a serious threat. Children have cut off appendages, mutilated themselves, and even killed themselves (Gay 14). Children toiling in Cambodia brick factories drop heavy bricks on their bare feet and hands. No child should be forced to suffer such health complications. Since several countries refuse to buy products created by child laborers, the countries that employ children have faltering economies. An example of this is how there is a coalition called the Foulball campaign that â€Å"ensures that ‘children would not longer kick around the balls made by impoverished children half a world away.†(Berry 3) This has lowered the amount of soccer balls purchased from Thailand. Reebok and Nike have guaranteed that children did not make their soccer balls. Another company that puts a dent in the economy of rug based markets, is the RugmarkShow MoreRelatedChild Labour And Child Labor1600 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor Issues There are children that suffer through child labor daily. Child labor is the use of children in a business or industry, usually illegal. â€Å"3 billion people around the world survive on $2.50 a day or less. And 2 billion people do not hold a bank account or have access to essential financial services† (â€Å"Living in Poverty†1). Children that are normally in labor come from a poor family that’s in need of money so badly that it comes down to selling their own children or puttingRead MoreResearch Paper On Child Labor1354 Words   |  6 Pages Child Labor Introduction: For centuries and years child labor has become one of the biggest problem in the world. It’s a challenge and long-term work for many countries to put an end to child labor especially those developing countries it’s one of the issues that’s considered as serious issue these days. Child labor refers to children’s who lose their rights and do things that aren’t supposed to do, it refers to children who go to work at the age of schooling. The international labor organizationRead More Labor and Childbirth - The Event of a Lifetime Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesIt moves from one stage to the next, with the labor, so that when you come to the bearing down stage, the stirrups can be put in place. The side rails of the bed provide more comfort than the hand of your coach, during each contraction. The mattress of the bed is truly uncomfortable for a woman in so much pain. The eager faces of your friends and family staring at your half naked body seem to be acceptable. They keenly watch for you to push a child out of your most private area; under no otherRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Apple1300 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly global society, people are more aware of how their actions impact the lives and futures of others. One ethical issue that many companies in America face is the decision on whether or not to outsource labor to other countries. The reasons that this conundrum is enticing are obvious. Labor is cheaper overseas and thus saves the company money, adding to an even wider profit margin. This is no small issue and is something which can have a truly detrimental impact on the American economy: It hasRead MoreHuman Trafficking is Trading People without their Consent1134 Words   |  4 Pagesconsent. It can be done through recruitment, harboring and transporting. This is achieved by threat/use of violence, abduction, deception - simply for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labor or slavery. I believe that slavery must be abolished because it robs people of their dignity and human rights, its not advantageous for them and it is an abomination to mankind. The very first form of slavery occurred 400 years ago, where the black africans were abducted from their motherland and shippedRead MoreChild Labor And Child Rights884 Words   |  4 Pages Child Slavery Up until the 13th amendment, owning a slave had been just like owning any other piece of property. No one felt guilty about how the slaves were being mistreated. The 13th amendment was the first step in ending slavery in the United States, but no steps were taken to end slavery in other countries. Even though people believe that slavery no longer exists today, about 5.5 million children are still held captive in slavery (Anti- Slavery International 2012). Child slavery can come inRead MoreIke Ethics And Society1324 Words   |  6 PagesProf: Jackie Deem January 16, 2016 Introduction In 1995 one of IKEA suppliers in India was named for using children for labor in a rug factory. This was alarming to the IKEA Corporation. This news could have been damaging to the entire company if the right preventive measures were not taken. IKEA had to decide on their viewpoint on child labor and then had to make sure that what they did then and in the future was adequate to society standards. They will be watching to make sureRead MoreChild Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India1533 Words   |  7 Pageswho were forced to put themselves in that position in order for us to receive our goods. All around the world, child labor is one of the most widely social issues affecting the younger population, specifically, in India. For the children of India, work becomes a nightmare based on suffering and mistreatment. While children have no choice but to be independent and forced to work, it can be a big influence on the child’s education, life, health, and development. Where chi ld labor is deeply rooted fromRead MoreSocial Criticism in William Blakes Songs of Innocence and Experience906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake was a social critic of his time, yet his criticism also reflects society of our own time as well. He mainly communicates humanitarian concerns through his Songs of Innocence and Experience; which express two opposite states of the human soul, happiness or misery, heaven or hell. Innocence; expresses the state of childhood, into which we are all born, a state of free imagination and infinite joy. Experience;, according to Blake, is mans state when disaster has destroyed the initialRead MoreChildhood Vs Modern Childhood1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthey are children and childhood is viewed as very special time that requires support and respect from everyone. This comparison is a good starting point when comparing the modern childhood of western children vs. a childhood of non-western children. In the article we read by Fass, Alexander Hamilton’s predictions for the United States’ manufacturing future included children working in the factories a long side their parents and at the time that wasn’t a crazy prediction (Fass, 204). Fast forward

Comparing Ways Poets Have Written About Love English Literature Essay free essay sample

The verse form I will discourse in this essay are: My Last Duchess and Porphyria s Lover as my primary comparings and The Passionate Shepherd and The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd as my secondary verse form. Both of my primary verse forms have been written by Robert Browning. Robert Browning lived from 1812-1889 and he was married to Elizabeth Barrett, another good known poet. Browning s manner of composing reflects the epoch he lived in. Browning s dramatic soliloquies are verse forms in which the words non merely convey puting and action but besides reveal the talker s character. The Passionate Shepherd to his Love was written by Christopher Marlowe who lived from 1564-1593. Marlowe was from Canterbury and he went to analyze in Cambridge and he may hold even been involved in espionage. Marlowe had an interesting but unhappily really short life as a consequence of a suspected bash in a tap house. Some people think that he did non decease in the tap house but he went to populate in Europe, some people besides think that he may hold written some of Shakespeare s work as Marlowe was besides a good known dramatist at the clip. The Nymph s Reply to the Shepherd was written by Sir Walter Raleigh in response to Marlowe s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love . Sir Walter Raleigh was a close intimate of Queen Elizabeth I and his answer to Marlowe s verse form was demoing him being realistic about love and outlooks of love. In both poems a cardinal character refers to the slaying of their married woman or lover. In the verse form it is through their descriptions of this action that the characters are conveyed. In Porphyria s lover the adult males character and presence appears concealed in a province of oblivion until Porphyria arrives I listened with bosom tantrum to interrupt this gives an feeling that he is obsessional about Porphyria and has no control over his life and that the storyteller has strong emotions towards his love. It is Porphyria s presence that lights up his life. It is she who murmurs how she loved me in other words Porphyria appears to be the active spouse. It is Porphyria who is doing the picks. He sees himself when run intoing with Porphyria as silent and passive. When no voice replied she put my arm about her waist , which suggests that she is commanding his actions. It is besides relevant that we know this supporter as Porphyria s Lover he does non even hold his ain name. W hen he is certain that Porphyria worshipped him my bosom swelled and this makes him determined to take control and do her mine it is merely at this point he is able to be active, and this is when he strangles her. It is as if by making so he retrieves himself to experience like a adult male. It is merely after her decease that he can experience content. It is as if he is a character in a fairy narrative and has rescued Porphyria from an evil enchantment. By killing her he has saved her. He is certain that she would be glad it has its uttermost will he still sees this slaying as an action done for her her darling one want would be heard the reader is still unsure as to the talker s ain want, to kill his love or pin down her forever. In a sense he does non look to understand that he has murdered Porphyria. But sees that she has killed herself and he is passively accepting the state of affairs. The supporter s logical thinking makes sense to him, he appears at times exulting. He i s certain that he has power over this adult female as her lover to make up ones mind whether she lives or dies, as so does the duke in My last Duchess , nevertheless, whereas the lover in Porphyria s lover appears weak and wants to recover power the duke is in absolute control. It becomes clear merely in line 45 that the duke gave bids and killed his first married woman. The duke is talking to the minister plenipotentiary of the count who has come to set up the duke s following matrimony and the duke is anticipating a dowery. The fact that the duke is ready to acknowledge that he killed his first married woman because she was excessively nice confirms that the duke is confident that he is above the jurisprudence. It is chilling that the minister plenipotentiary is prepared to sell this immature miss to a liquidator. The duke says .the counts munificence/ is ample warrant that no merely pretension of mine for dowery will be disallowed . This barely disguises his greed and material istic grounds for get marrieding. He is unconvincing when he says that it is his just girl s ego that is his object . Worryingly this future married woman sounds as if she will fall in the other objects in his art gallery as an object . The duke wants for entire control and is happier uncovering a picture of his last married woman than her world. He makes the point that no 1 can open the drape but him and so he has power over the image. The emotion he feels seldom breaks through. He appears wholly cold. In contrast to Porphyria s lover who is unprompted, the duke appears to move intentionally and carefully. His choler surfaces as he describes his last duchess s reaction to an officious sap who dared to offer her a clump of cherries. The duke is outraged by his married woman and expects his hearer to hold. He is most pained that she smiled at retainers as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred twelvemonth old name with anyone s gift . From this comment we see that he sees his p osition as most of import. He has a really fixed thought of how he and his married woman should act ; he will non stoop and believes merely inquiring his married woman non to smile would be stooping . The duke is so pretentious that he feels uncomfortable in inquiring person to halt stooping He would prefer her dead. Both these verse forms manage to give a really strong sense of the characters of the adult females they have killed. Both adult females appear faultless. The trigger for Porphyria s lover to strangle Porphyria is when he realises that she loves him. Porphyria enters her lover s bungalow and makes it warm ; she attempts to do him comfy. She acts more like the adult male in the relationship, her hair is moist and she has been outside enduring the cold and wet, whereas he has been indoors waiting for her. The functions are reversed, it is she who murmurs how she loves him. In contrast the duchess appears feminine. As the duke criticizes this adult female, the reader is convinced of her comeliness, to easy impressed . It is as if the duke is falsifying linguistic communication as honest and good words earnest a bosom excessively shortly made sword lily are turned into bad. She is non a prig and does non value herself harmonizing to her name. Whilst Porphyria s lover believes his sla ying to be Porphyria s dearest want , the duke has no involvement in his duchess s want. The thought procedures of the duke and the lover are suggested in the verse form through punctuation. Punctuation creates interruptions and run on lines. In My Last Duchess the punctuation seldom agrees with the beat or rime. This makes the rime and beat less obvious. It sounds more like a address than verse though in fact he speaks in riming pairs and utilizing iambic pentameter. In line 25 for illustration sir, twas all one! My favor at her chests, / the dropping of the twenty-four hours light in the West, / the bow of cherries some interfering fool/ broke in the orchid for her. Here the punctuation varies and the interruptions are non predictable. So they interrupt the formal beat of the verse form. This makes it clear the emotion he seeking to mask through his formal address. The beat and rime in Porphyria s Lover is much more evident and the interruptions less frequent. As we read we are lulled by the beat which is besides iambic. It is as if we are sing the music construct up in a horror film and all of a sudden he says and strangled her the knock of the horror hits you, the rime is broken and the interruption in the line interrupts the beat. This confirms the talker s agitated province. Having killed her, the beat returns to its hypnotic iambic round, which contrasts with his hideous action. The horror of the actions of both supporters is made more convincing by the strong feelings given of the topographic point. In Porphyria s Lover the outside tears the elm tops down for malice . The conditions is cruelly destructive which reflects the lover s ain temper. The bungalow that he sits in rapidly warms up when Porphyria enters. Again the house reflects his ain temper. The Duke and the envoy sit in the Duke s gallery and expression at the art. He points in the beginning to a picture of his married woman and the terminal of the verse form in the same tone points at a sculpture of Neptune. This shows that he looks at his married woman as holding the same importance as his art. Though both the duke and the lover kill their lovers they do so for different grounds. The duke because he does non wish his married woman plenty, as he is Obs and has paranoia over his married woman, and the lover because he loves her excessively much. However both the duke and the lover appear mad. He loved her so much that he go haunted she s mine, mine mine which led him to go brainsick and from going loony he convinced himself that by killing her he was assisting her. Contrastingly, the duke had trouble in get bying with the attitude and personality of his married woman. The duke is really cold he gave commands he did nt even care about killing her he does non see her as homo. He says then all smilings stopped together and so he was satisfied. In The Passionate Shepherd to his Love , Christopher Marlowe instantly shows his stance on his place with his love, Come live with me . This shows merely how eager the shepherd is and so there is a intermission where he goes on to state, aˆÂ ¦and be my love . This is more of a soft tone and softens what has merely been said. In the following line there are two utilizations of initial rhyme, And we will all the pleasances proveaˆÂ ¦ , and the w s and p s add a persuasive definite feel to the poetry. In the last two lines of this stanza, Marlowe lists all the things the Nymph and the shepherd will make together, and by naming them, he is doing it look as though there is an astonishing assortment of landscape to bask. These countries he is naming are all dramatic, natural pleasances and have non been changed by adult male, nil is unreal. When it says, aˆÂ ¦or steepy mountain outputs . The shepherd is demoing that there is an excess sense of freedom and that to gether, the Nymph and himself will bask the natural beauties. The pastoral nature of this verse form shows the tradition of love and shepherd s. The verse form was really successful at the clip because many people related love and the countryside. The Nymph s Reply to Marlowe s verse form is instead flooring. She starts by altering what the shepherd has merely said to what she thinks is world. In the first line, If all the worldaˆÂ ¦ , the Nymph uses the word if as this shows her interior negative dubious feelings about what the shepherd has merely offered. The following line starting, And truth in every shepherd s lingua , shows that the Nymph is connoting that work forces lie and the shepherd is lying to her. She thinks that everything that the shepherd is stating is unreal and bogus and she is seeking to do him see sense. The immature lady speaks sardonically about pretty pleasances , which are words, which she has taken from the shepherd s verse form, but has twis ted them. This is meant to be sarcastic, but without being excessively acrimonious, nevertheless, she is stating it with a sense of sorrow that it is non true. I think that the immature lady would truly wish to populate like that. Besides in pretty pleasances there is an initial rhyme of the p as this emphasises her negative temper by reiterating the initial rhyme that Marlowe used. Raleigh so uses, might me travel , and this is once more based on what the shepherd said. May move and may thee moveaˆÂ ¦ , here there is besides a instance of initial rhyme but with a negative feel from the Nymph, underscoring her uncertainty and sorrow. At the terminal of this line there is an enjambement, as the poet wants there to be a streamlined consequence, to underscore the procedure of traveling in with the shepherd. This highlights the irony and the fact that she will non be populating with him. Raleigh so finishes with, aˆÂ ¦and be my love , as this mimics the beginning of t he shepherd s verse form and underscores that the Nymph is stating she will non be his love. These verse forms are about love but deviant or pervert the thought that love is good. Porphyria s lover s obsessional love where he wants to sublimate his love by taking her life gives a sense that love is destructive instead than good. The duke does non look capable of love and does non anticipate love but because his married woman is capable of loving him and the remainder of the universe he feels bitterness. The Passionate Shepherd to his Love shows true but idealistic love nevertheless the Nymph s Reply quashes the love by being a realist and by stating that the love the shepherd wants is non possible.

Social Work Essay Example Ethical issues as a social worker

Ethical issues as a social worker The ethical dilemma in the case encompasses the situation facing the social worker where he has to make a choice on what would resolve the client’s problem. The youth worker is confronted with a dilemma on whether she should let Jan commit suicide or reveal to someone else the secret. Despite the fact that the youth worker upholds confidentiality, she encounters a dilemma whether or not she should let Jan commit suicide without telling other people the problem that Jan has. The ethical dilemma can be said to involve a professional relationship between the youth worker and her client. The ethical responsibility of commitment to the client’s well being comes into play (AASW 2010, p 13). Social workers have the responsibility to promote the client’s well being, as well as the interests of the client. However, the responsibility of the social worker to the law and the society supersedes the loyalty that the social worker owes to clients (AASW 2010, p. 16). Therefore, the youth worker is torn in between reporting the matter to authorities in order to prevent the client from committing suicide or allow the client to commit suicide. The client’s right to self determination also touches on the ethical dilemma in the case. Although the youth worker should enhance the clients interests and goals, she should also prevent the act of suicide because it causes serious harm to the client. If I were the one faced with such a situation, I would have notified the relevant authorities since the social work code of conduct calls for such an action when a client threatens to harm themselves. My decision would be grounded in the belief that, although it is right to uphold the confidentiality in a professional relationship, it is illegal to let someone commit suicide with the knowledge that they wanted to do so, especially because it is a minor below the age of 18 years (Department of communities 2012,   p. 35). My personal values had an impact on the decision I could have made. I value life, and it would be contrary to my personal beliefs to let such a client commit suicide. I could have also felt guilty if the client committed suicide and yet I could have done something to prevent the situation. My professional obligations require me to act in certain ways that reflect the mission and core objectives of the social work profession. As a social worker, I should strive to enhance the well being of clients, help people to meet their basic needs. In addition, I should pay attention to the needs of the oppressed and vulnerable people. Maynard Beckett (2005, p. 52) argue that professional obligations also require that social workers place emphasis on the well being of the client and the entire society. Moreover, social workers are obliged to be attentive to forces in the environment which lead to problems in life. In my opinion, the worker was not reflective of her practice. This is because the youth worker did not portray the necessary skills in taking a stance or some orientation in solving the problem. In addition, she did not analyse, reconsider, and question experiences based on a broad context. Critical reflection can be regarded as crucial since it helps a professional to be all-inclusive while solving the client’s problems. For instance, through critical reflection, a professional makes judgment based on the broad consequences of the decision. As such, critical reflection helps a professional to factor in other factors that may affect the final decision (Bowles et al, 2006). References List Australia Association social workers (AASW 2010). Code of Ethics, Canberra, ACT. pp. 7-40. Bowles, W., Collingridge, M., Curry, S., Valentine, B. (2006). Ethical practice in social work: an applied approach, Crown’s Nest, Allen Unwin. Department of communities (2012). Child protection Act 1999, Queensland. pp. 33-42. Maynard, A. Beckett, C. (2005). Values and Ethics in Social Work: An Introduction, London, SAGE. pp. 50-58. Let Us Do It for You All we need from you is the initiative to place an order. Get to us on chat or phone and type, â€Å"write my assignment for me.† Order your assignment now.

The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Essays

The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Essays The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Paper The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Paper All Of the wildlife in the Everglades is totally dependent on the cycling Of water. One example of this dependence is the feeding relationship between the snail kite (an endangered bird species), and the apple snail (a freshwater mollusk the size of a golf ball) (Taller). The apple snails reproduce during the rainy season. When water levels are at their highest, they lay thousands of tiny pink eggs on the stalks of marsh grasses. As the water recedes, the snail kites fly all over the Everglades looking for them. Once they find them, they swoop down and use their specialized beaks to pluck the tender snails from heir shells. The water cycle and the lives of apple snails and snail kites are intertwined. Snail kites depend on the successful reproduction of apple snails, which is, in turn, affected by the amount of rainfall. Only recently have scientists been able to observe how close this relationship is. When humans drained large areas of the Everglades and converted them to agricultural lands, the population of apple snails decreased sharply. This had a dramatic effect on the snail kite population. In 2003, only 1 600 snail kites remained in Florida, the birds only U. S. Habitat (Smith). The relationship among humans, nail kites, and apple snails illustrates the delicate balance of nature in an ecosystem. When humans alter the water cycle, they directly affect the food chain. Alligators are animals that often come to mind when people think of the Everglades. The American alligator, once a highly endangered reptile, plays a critical role in the Everglades ecosystem, especially during the dry season (Alligator Holes). As winter approaches, water levels begin to drop. Alligators, which need an ample supply of water to survive, sense the changing of the season and begin to prepare for the dry months ahead. Using their powerful snouts, tails, and legs, they make comfortable dens for themselves by slashing small plants, and muck out of the marsh. As it thrashes its body from side to side, it creates a small hole filled with water. Plant matter and mud piled up around the edges of the hole create dry ground on which other plants eventually grow. After many years, grass, trees, and other plants surround these gator holes like fences. Gator holes are important to other species as well. As the water becomes scarce during the dry season, many animals search for food and remaining pockets of water. The gator holes attract crayfish, frogs, turtles, fish, and other aquatic species, all seeking refuge in the deeper waters of the gator holes. Muskrats, otters, deer, and raccoons, as well as a wide variety of beautiful birds, such as ibises, egrets, and herons, visit these sanctuaries to feed on the small animals that can be found there. Because alligators and the watery hollows they make play such an important role in the Everglades ecosystem, they are considered to be a keystone species since many other species depend upon them for their survival. This has earned them the nickname keepers of the glades. Due to constantly changing water levels, ecosystems like the Everglades can be very unpredictable places. Since the 1 8005, people have tried to control the Everglades to prevent flooding (Blake). Large canals were built to send the water into the ocean and away from the Everglades. The land along the canals dried up and became more useful to people. Before so much Of the Everglades was drained, most of its water came from Lake Cheekbone, which sometimes overflowed along its southern edge. With an annual rainfall of nearly 60 inches (Everglades) and the overflow from the lake, a large area f the Everglades used to be wet for most of the year. But the lake was a source of major flooding to towns, especially during the rainy season. In the 1 sass, other flood control projects were started, including the construction of a dike along Lake Cheekbones southern rim. Because the water no longer overflowed from the lake; farmers and ranchers now had more dry land on which to live and work. More projects followed in the asses and asses. Today, about half of the original Everglades has been drained to create dry land for towns and farms and much of the region is crisscrossed by an elaborate system of canals, dikes, and levees. Blake) Water control efforts have benefited the residents of south Arid, but now nature no longer controls the flow of water into the Everglades; as a result, the natural balance of the ecosystem has been damaged. The draining of the Everglades has harmed many animals that depend on water for reproduction, such as snails, fish, and frogs. Because these creatures are at the bottom of many Everglades food chains, their diminishing numbers have had a rippling effect throughout the entire community. Like the snail kite, other bird species C such as the ibis, heron, and the endangered wood stork CO have suffered. In fact, scientists have estimated that some bird populations have dropped about 90 percent (Birds) over the past fifty years because of the low water levels. Now scientists are encouraging us to realize that a great number of plants and animals must survive to help maintain this delicate environment. Because the canals and dikes have helped to dry up the land, part of the original Everglades has become a rich agricultural area. Yet, productivity within this marsh has had a negative effect on its wildlife. In the asses and asses, bald eagles and pelicans in the Everglades were among the many birds heartened with extinction by the chemical EDT. (Scott) Farmers sprayed EDT on their crops to control insects. They didnt realize that from heavy rains was washing the poisonous chemical into the Everglades. Scientists discovered that EDT caused the shells of birds eggs to thin, resulting in the death of many young birds before hatching. The U. S. Government finally banned the use of EDT in 1972. Agricultural runoff disrupts the Everglades ecosystem in other ways too. Fertilizers, which contain plant nutrients, are washed from the sugarcane plantations a few miles north. These fertilizers cause an excessive growth Of algae. The algae can form large mats called algal blooms, which float on the surface of the water and results in transportation. The effects of transportation can be seen as far south as Florida Bay. As the algae die and decompose, they use up large amounts of oxygen in the water, which causes fish, crabs, shrimp, insects, and other aquatic species to suffocate in the oxygen-depleted water. With the drier conditions created by flood-control, brush fires began to sweep through the Everglades in the 1 sass and asses. These devastating blazes led environmentalists to pressure the government to establish the Everglades National park. (Park Establishment) Today, visitors can experience Florists diverse, rare, and beautiful wildlife in the Everglades National Park. Located in the southwestern portion of the marsh, this is one of the largest national parks in the United States. Each year, millions of tourists come to see the huge array of tropical wildlife, which includes nearly six hundred different types of animals, such as alligators, crocodiles, pelicans, snakes, and a multitude of insect species. The Everglades is the largest freshwater wetlands in the continental United States and one of the worlds great biological treasures. It is home to many species of endangered plants and animals. But it is also an ecosystem in trouble. Over the past century, about half of the original Everglades has been drained, filled, and converted for farmland and other development. Much of the nutrient-filled water that once flowed naturally through the Everglades has been artificially diverted to sugarcane plantations. As a result, the entire ecosystem has suffered. Damaged wetlands cannot provide suitable habitat for the plants and animals that depend on it for survival. In 1 983, the state of Florida, along with several environmental groups, munched the Save Our Everglades campaign to start looking at ways to preserve the troubled wetlands. The project had one clear goal: to make the Everglades look and function more like it did in 1900 than it did in 1983. Throughout the 1 sass, scientists worked on this plan. In 1 994, the Arid state legislature passed the Everglades Forever Act (Longboat), which authorized the Everglades Construction Project the largest effort ever attempted to restore an ecosystem. One of the projects in the Everglades restoration effort is the construction of 40,000 acres of artificial marshes (Diabetes). These marshes will serve as a protective barrier between the sugarcane plantations and the rest of the Everglades ecosystem. The artificial wetlands are essentially huge ponds surrounded by dirt and filled with lots of nutrient-loving plants. Scientists hope that the plants will clean the water by catching and filtering out pesticides, fertilizers, and other farm runoff before it reaches the Everglades. The clean water will then be redirected back into the marsh. Another project is to restore the Kismet River (Restoring a River). Before people began tinkering with the Everglades, the Kismet was a 102-mile meandering river that supplies most of the water to Lake Cheekbone. In 1961, engineers straightened the Kismet River to control flooding around Lake Cheekbone and to make room for farms. Most of the water in the river was then diverted into a 55-mile straight channel, officially named the C-38 canal. Scientists expect that once the river IS returned to its original path, the habitat for more than three hundred fish and wildlife species, including the endangered wood stork and snail kite, will be restored. A total of 24 endangered or threatened plant and animal species live in the Everglades ecosystem (Threatened Endangered Species) and most of these species face extinction due to habitat loss. One large Everglades mammal that faces extinction due to habitat loss is the Florida panther, a type of cougar. Two hundred years ago, cougars roamed freely from Alaska to South America; but today, due to habitat loss, the only cougar population east of the Mississippi River is the Florida panther. Despite widespread efforts to save the panther, fewer than fifty remain in the wild (Florida Panther). This makes it one of the most endangered animals in North America. If habitat loss can be halted, biologists hope that the panther population will increase.

Strenght limitation ans challenge of ethically social responsible Coursework

Strenght limitation ans challenge of ethically social responsible business - Coursework Example increases the relationships and independence in all the business sectors and more so in dealing with the customers that are on daily basis generating from the business. Social responsibility issues as well as the ethical concerns are extremely sensitive especially to the managers running the business. Due to some of the pressures they often receive from the groups of interest, public, media coverage, governmental and other legal concerns, the managers ensure that they are solely responsible for any of the developments that are more likely in the social and ethical conducts of their people (Joshua 2000, pg.64). This is commonly challenging especially in the decision making of what and where to apply effectively a certain condition that ought to be in place. If there are any conflicting concerns and situations in the peoples and organizations conducts, then it remains a challenge of where to draw the line and make up for the necessary adjustments of the situation. Social responsibility and the ethical conducts of an individual are thus very important in order to avoid some of the conflicting concerns in ensuring a working business environment. In examining some of the common views of ethics that are standardized in the success of any business, that is how to get to the root causes of the challenges. Diagnosing the strengths that are involved in some of the questionings that involves business and the social ethical responsibility of it is just the beginning of a successful business-working environment. The utilitarianism ethics view whereby an ethical problem is likely to approach the question in considering which of the action course may do the least or rather a good harm. According to John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, the actions are more likely to categorize in a way that they either make many people satisfied and happy of the outcomes (Bowie 1987, pg.53). Further, they explain that a small number of people could be unhappy but so long as the majority is happy

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Term Paper Example pag,). In humans, the gene coding for 21-hydroxylase is located at the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p21.3. Partial deletions, as well as point missense and nonsense mutations, have been found to cause such chromosomal aberrations (Riepe, et al. 2563). Clinical Presentation Early diagnosis is more difficult in cases of CAH because no physical symptoms are present at birth. Thus, the presence of the condition is missed until the age of puberty is reached, when the expected physical changes are not met. As an individual with CAH ages, ambiguous genitalia, accelerated growth, and premature skeletal maturation are seen, due to excessive adrenal androgen production. In males, enlarged penises are noticed even during pre-puberty. On the other hand, such genital enlargement is seen in females as clitoromegaly. In addition, females with CAH present with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, absence of secondary sexual characteristics, and/or fertility. Because of these features, femal es with undiagnosed CAH are nurtured as males. Among males, severe cases cause severe symptoms such as failure to thrive, recurrent vomiting, dehydration, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and shock. However, 11-hydroxylase and 17-alpha-hydroxylase-deficient patients may be hypokalemic, and Electrolyte imbalance is caused by adrenal insufficiency, while hypoglycemia and hypotension results from cortisol deficiency (Haldeman-Englert n. pag.; Wilson n. pag.). Treatment In managing patients with CAH, a comprehensive approach on treatment is needed, since the condition does not only affect the physical, but the emotional and psychological aspects of the patient as well. It should, thus, involve medical therapy, surgical intervention and lifestyle modifications. Medical intervention Primarily, the role of medical intervention is to replace glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, as well as to decrease the serum levels of virilizing precursor hormones. However, certain medications are necessary to avoid fatal consequences resulting from the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency (Wilson n. pag.). 1.) Corticoids Physiologically, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids released by adrenal glands in response to increased levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) are important in regulating normal glucose and electrolyte levels, respectively. In CAH therapy, glucocorticoids are given to suppress the perpetually elevated ACTH levels and adrenal androgen production, while mineralocorticoid therapy reduces angiotensin II levels that regulate blood pressure. All healthcare providers or caretakers of CAH patients should always have an injectable glucocorticoid at hand in case of rapid decline. These medications are safe, since they are normal products of the body, they do not have contraindications, and they only have minimal drug-drug interactions (Wilson n. pag.). Normally, increased levels of cortisol are apparent among individuals who experience stress or illness. Ho wever, as mentioned above, such response is absent among CAH patients due to lack of enzymes needed to produce cortisol. Thus, among CAH individuals, in cases of stress or illnesses, stress dosages of hydrocortisone (50-100 mg/m2 or 1-2

The conventions of the horror genre to create a vision of Victorian London Essay Example for Free

The conventions of the horror genre to create a vision of Victorian London Essay Robert Louis Stevenson uses the conventions of the horror genre to create a vision of London in the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to great effect. Stevenson uses all the different conventions of horror together to create a disturbing tale of good an evil, and incorporates the features of mystery, crime and death, suspense and atmosphere. One of Stevensons most effective themes in Jekyll and Hyde is the use of mystery. Stevenson asks and sets up countless questions throughout the novel, but answers only a few. This means that the reader is continually having to answer questions for themselves, but before you have come to a conclusion, Stevenson has set out another for you to try and answer. The first question, one which lasts throughout the novel, is the background of the characters and what has happened in the past between them. At first Stevenson gives a small description of Mr. Uttersons appearance and some of his background: Mr Utterson the lawyer was a man of rugged countenance, and his few hobbies, but little background information is given about any of the characters. Utterson, Jekyll and Lanyon all seem to be close friends at the start, but throughout the novel Lanyon and Jekyll grow apart as Lanyon discovers the truth about Jekyll. Lanyon also says that what Jekyll had been prior to this had been unscientific balderdash, and that Jekyll had begun to turn wrong in mind. This shows that Lanyon thought that Jekyll may uncover something untoward. During the novel we are never actually told what Jekylls plans are, but we are able to assume that something extraordinary and peculiar is about to be revealed. We know that he is a doctor, but no specific information on what the areas of science that he practices in are, what he has achieved to make him so important, and what his current areas of work are. The Victorian audience at the time would have thought that Jekyll may have been doing something wrong ever since the mention of the door being connected to Jekylls house, as body snatchers brought dead bodies to scientists through secretive measures so that the scientists could do medical experiments. They may have thought that at the time, but is not something that comes to mind for the modern day reader, as this is a very rare event in modern times. One of the largest unanswered questions in Jekyll and Hyde is what was Sir Danvers Carew actually doing on the night he was murdered. We get the impression that Carew was intending to meet Hyde, but no definitive answer is given by Jekyll as to what both Hyde and Carew were doing there in the first place, and why it was necessary for Hyde to kill him. Carew was meant to be a kind and well respected MP, but we never know what he was doing in that disreputable part of London in the first place. As is normal in a horror novel, the use of crime and death is hugely prominent in Jekyll and Hyde, with the whole novel and interest in Mr Hyde beginning with a horrific act of violence. Mr Hyde is walking through London one evening, when he and a little girl ran into one another. This though is not the horrifying part, as after they had collided Mr Hyde trampled calmly over the childs body. Mr Hyde casually walks off, and justice is only done when Mr Enfield chases after Mr Hyde. If it had not been for Mr Enfield, then this hideous crime would have just occurred, and nothing would have been done about it. As it is, Mr Hyde pays the girls family a sum of one hundred pounds so that his name does not become disreputable. Possibly the most disturbing thing about this incident though, is the fact that Hyde shows no remorse for what he has done, and all that he cares about is his name and whatever honour that he may have had, which can also be said for many people in both Victorian times and modern day. Appearance and reputation is the most important thing, what is on the outside, yet their secret and evil side that is on the inside is overlooked. Another terrifying theme is the death of Dr Lanyon. At first Lanyon is described as a hearty and healthy man, who has a boisterous and decided manner. This though changes drastically as the novel unfolds. He is said to have grown pale, and he was visibly balder and older, yet this has only happened over a short period of time. We know that Lanyon has discovered something terrible about Jekyll, and that he is quite done with that person. We later find out what it is that Lanyon had found out, the terrible truth behind Jekyll, and his true feelings which are disclosed in Doctor Lanyons Narrative. Lanyon is so distraught after finding out the truth, that not only his mentality suffers, but his usually excellent physical state rapidly deteriorates and is shortly followed by his death. A different aspect of crime that is connected with Jekyll and Hyde is homosexual blackmail. Although Stevenson never specifically mentions homosexuality, it is fair to say that it is what the reader is meant to believe and if he had talked directly about it then he would have been thought of badly when it was first published. In Victorian times homosexuality was a crime, and was thought of a lot worse then than it is now, and it would have been thought that Jekyll was being blackmailed by Hyde and that he was homosexual. We find out that this is not the case, and that Hyde is in fact Jekylls evil side. As well as Lanyons death, there are also a number of other deaths. The first of these, Sir Danvers Carew, is described as Suspense is a very important horror them in Jekyll and Hyde, as it incorporates lots of other themes, and is what makes any horror story terrifying. Suspense is a build up of lots of different things, and the excellent use of atmosphere and mystery is what makes the novel so terrifying. Probably the greatest cause of suspense is that the reader only finds out the truth about Jekyll and Hyde towards the end of the novel. Mr Utterson is used as a cipher, as the story is told with the reader only finding out what Mr Utterson finds out. The reader is gradually able to piece bits together from what Utterson uncovers, but as facts are rarely given, only opinions, nothing is ever particularly clear. Due to all this personal opinion, we are unable to tell what is fact and what is just incorrect and what is just incorrect personal opinion. Throughout the novel we just get given what Utterson thinks and knows, and even with Lanyons and Jekylls statements, we are still unable to tell what is the truth, as both narratives contradict each other. Lanyon describes Jekylls transformations as horrific: , yet Jekyll says that they are: . Either way, the thought of the evil side of someone taking over their body is horrifying, but with this varying of opinions it leads us to think what other things described are inaccurate. Atmosphere and the descriptions of London used by Stevenson are very important aspects of horror in Jekyll and Hyde. It shows the importance for all of the different aspects, as they all closely link together. The atmosphere that Stevenson creates builds suspense and adds mystery, and the eerie atmospheric descriptions are metaphors for the crime and death that goes on throughout the novel. One of the most important descriptions of London and the positioning of places is Soho. In Victorian times Soho was an extremely disreputable part of London, and crime and indecent activities were widely linked to this part of the city. That is why it is strange that a place like Soho was positioned in the middle of the supposedly respectable west side of London. This is the same as with Hyde, as he is a bad and disreputable person among a group of important and well respected people. Throughout Jekyll and Hyde Stevenson uses vivid descriptions of the city of London to portray the eeriness of the people and events that occur. He regularly talks about the fog and mist that hung over the city, which some may say was because of the huge industrial changes that Britain was going through, but after looking deeper into the story you can tell that this is not the reason, and that Stevenson is cleverly using the idea of physcogeography. When bad and mysterious events are happening, this is shown in the weather and atmospheric descriptions that Stevenson uses. This is excellently shown by: The fog still slept on the wing above the drowned city, and: a pale moon, lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her. Both these descriptions of London are implying that the city is dead, but this is only a metaphor for the terrible events that are happening in the city. The second quote occurs when Poole and Utterson are preparing to break into Jekylls cabinet, which is shortly followed by the death of Hyde and Jekyll. The first is shortly after the death of Sir Danvers Carew, and illustrates the feelings of the characters being described, in this case Utterson and Mr Guest. From Jekyll and Hyde we can tell that all of the different conventions of the horror genre are required to create a truly terrifying novel. Stevenson uses these conventions to create a vivid and horrific vision of Victorian London, with not only its physical description but of the people inside it. Mystery, suspense, crime and death and atmosphere are all incorporated and closely joined to create a truly spine chilling horror novel.

Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: Tthe Seduction of the Reader :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays

The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Seduction of the Reader "To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim," writes Oscar Wilde in the famous preface of his classic novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. One might find it a bit ironic the fact that posterity always has looked upon this book as being more or less an autobiography. Wilde was surrounded by scandals until his death, stirring the strict, Victorian society he lived in with his homosexual bent and libertine views on life. The Picture of Dorian Gray was therefore also regarded by many people as "highly immoral" and has probably earned the title "classic" years after the author's death. With rarely less than two cogent aphorisms per page, it is hard not finding myriads of subtle meanings in the text, why I am only focusing on the main themes I found interesting. The obsession of aestheticism and beauty runs all through the story in a kind of contradictory way. Oscar Wilde states in the preface: "Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault. Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope." With this he means that one should not, for example, judge a piece of art on a moral basis; the art is only there for being aesthetically admired and one should only be enchanted with its beauty, not let oneself be misled by a deeper idea behind it. At the same time, he lets his protagonist Dorian Gray suffer the penalty for his narcissistic behaviour by killing him off at the end of the book, giving the reader the opposite message - that beauty after all is nothing to strive for. Also, Wilde lets the painting of Dorian become a symbol of the young man's degeneration, showing very well the immorality of his life through a work of art. It is like Wilde means to tell us that art indeed has its important place among people, and beauty is seducing to the viewer. However it is temporary, dangerous, and powerful enough to spoil the life of a man. One must know how to look upon beauty to be able to love it without succumbing to it. As Oscar Wilde was a confirmed aesthete himself, this conclusion may appear paradoxical, but it should be mentioned that not much in this book is not. Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: Tthe Seduction of the Reader :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Seduction of the Reader "To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim," writes Oscar Wilde in the famous preface of his classic novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. One might find it a bit ironic the fact that posterity always has looked upon this book as being more or less an autobiography. Wilde was surrounded by scandals until his death, stirring the strict, Victorian society he lived in with his homosexual bent and libertine views on life. The Picture of Dorian Gray was therefore also regarded by many people as "highly immoral" and has probably earned the title "classic" years after the author's death. With rarely less than two cogent aphorisms per page, it is hard not finding myriads of subtle meanings in the text, why I am only focusing on the main themes I found interesting. The obsession of aestheticism and beauty runs all through the story in a kind of contradictory way. Oscar Wilde states in the preface: "Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault. Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope." With this he means that one should not, for example, judge a piece of art on a moral basis; the art is only there for being aesthetically admired and one should only be enchanted with its beauty, not let oneself be misled by a deeper idea behind it. At the same time, he lets his protagonist Dorian Gray suffer the penalty for his narcissistic behaviour by killing him off at the end of the book, giving the reader the opposite message - that beauty after all is nothing to strive for. Also, Wilde lets the painting of Dorian become a symbol of the young man's degeneration, showing very well the immorality of his life through a work of art. It is like Wilde means to tell us that art indeed has its important place among people, and beauty is seducing to the viewer. However it is temporary, dangerous, and powerful enough to spoil the life of a man. One must know how to look upon beauty to be able to love it without succumbing to it. As Oscar Wilde was a confirmed aesthete himself, this conclusion may appear paradoxical, but it should be mentioned that not much in this book is not.

Traffic Problem

Interstate 80, seen here in Berkeley, California, is a freeway with many lanes and heavy traffic. Traffic on roads may consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections.Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate. Organization typically produces a better combination of travel safety and efficiency.Events which disrupt the flow and may cause traffic to degenerate into a disorganized mess include: road construction, collisions and debris in the roadway. On particularly busy freeways, a minor disruption may persist in a phenomenon known as traffic waves. A complete breakdown of organization may result in traffic congestion andgridlock. Simulations of organized traffic frequently involve queuing theory, stochastic processes and equations of mathematical physics applied totraffic flow. Traffic in English is taken from the Arabic word taraffaqa, which means to walk along slowly together.Contents1 Rules of the road 1.1 Directionality 1.2 Traffic regulations 2 Organized traffic 2.1 Priority (right of way) 2.1.1 Uncontrolled traffic 2.2 Turning 2.2.1 Intersections 2.2.2 P edestrian crossings 2.3 Level crossings 2.4 Speed limits 2.5 Overtaking 2.5.1 Lanes 2.6 One-way roadways 2.6.1 High-speed roads 2.6.2 One-way streets 3 Congested traffic 3.1 Rush hour 4 Congestion mitigation 4.1 Rush hour policies 4.2 Pre-emption 4.3 Intelligent transportation systems 5 Future of congestion mitigation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Rules of the road[edit]Traffic controller in Chicago, Michigan AvenueTraffic control in Rome, Italy. This traffic control podium can retract back to road level when not in use. Rules of the road and driving etiquette are the general practices and procedures that road users are required to follow. These rules usually apply to all road users, though they are of special importance to motorists and cyclists. These rules govern interactions between vehicles and with pedestrians. The basic traffic rules are defined by aninternational treaty under the authority of the United Nations, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.Not all countries are signatory to the convention and, even among signatories, local variations in practice may be found. There are also unwritten local rules of the road, which are generally understood by local drivers. As a general rule, drivers are  expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and pedestrians, regardless of whether or not the applicable rules of the road allow them to be where they happen to be.In addition to the rules applicable by default, traffic signs and traffic lights must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either routinely (on a busy crossing instead of traffic lights) or as road traffic control around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption. These rules should be distinguished from the mechanical procedures required to operate one's vehicle. Seedriving. DirectionalityMain articles: Bidirectional traffic and right- and left-hand traffic Traffic going in opposite directions should be separated in s uch a way that they do not block each other's way. The most basic rule is whether to use the left or right side of the road. Traffic regulationsSee also: Category:Rules of the roadIn many countries, the rules of the road are codified, setting out the legal requirements and punishments for breaking them. In the United Kingdom, the rules are set out in the Highway Code, which includes obligations but also advice on how to drive sensibly and safely. In the United States, traffic laws are regulated by the states and municipalities through their respective traffic codes. Most of these are based at least in part on the Uniform Vehicle Code, but there are variations from state to state. In states such as Florida, traffic law and criminal law are separate, therefore, unless someone flees a scene of an accident, commits vehicular homicide or manslaughter, they are only guilty of a minor traffic offense. However, states such as South Carolina have completely criminalized their traffic law, so , for example, you are guilty of a misdemeanor simply for travelling 5 miles over the speed limit.Organized trafficPriority (right of way)[edit] See also: Right-of-way (disambiguation) Vehicles often come into conflict with other vehicles and pedestrians because their intended courses of travel intersect, and thus interfere with each other's routes. The general principle that establishes who has the right to  go first is called â€Å"right of way†, or â€Å"priority†. It establishes who has the right to use the conflicting part of the road and who has to wait until the other does so. Signs, signals, markings and other features are often used to make priority explicit. Some signs, such as the stop sign, are nearly universal.When there are no signs or markings, different rules are observed depending on the location. These default priority rules differ between countries, and may even vary within countries. Trends toward uniformity are exemplified at an international lev el by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, which prescribes standardized traffic control devices (signs, signals, and markings) for establishing the right of way where necessary. Crosswalks (or pedestrian crossings) are common in populated areas, and may indicate that pedestrians have priority over vehicular traffic. In most modern cities, the traffic signal is used to establish the right of way on the busy roads.Its primary purpose is to give each road a duration of time in which its traffic may use the intersection in an organized way. The intervals of time assigned for each road may be adjusted to take into account factors such as difference in volume of traffic, the needs of pedestrians, or other traffic signals. Pedestrian crossings may be located near other traffic control devices; if they are not also regulated in some way, vehicles must give priority to them when in use. Traffic on a public road usually has priority over other traffic such as traffic emerging fro m private access; rail crossings and drawbridgesare typical exceptions.Uncontrolled trafficUncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of lane markings and traffic control signals. On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently overtake others. Obstructions are common. Intersections have no signals or signage, and a particular road at a busy intersection may be dominant – that is, its traffic flows – until a break in traffic, at which time the dominance shifts to the other road where vehicles are queued. At the intersection of two perpendicular roads, a traffic jam may result if four vehicles face each other side-on.Traffic ProblemsTraffic congestion in many cities around the world is severe. One possible solution to this problem is to impose heavy taxes on cardrivers and use this money to make public transport better. This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure. One of t he first benefits of such a measure is that the heavy taxes would discourage car owners from using their cars because it would become very expensive to drive. This would mean that they would begin to make use of public transport instead, thus reducing traffic problems and pollution as well. Another benefit would be that much more use would be made of public transport if it was improved. It is often the case that public transport in cities is very poor.For example, we often see old buses and trains that people would rather not use. High taxes would generate enough money to make the necessary changes. Nevertheless, there are drawbacks to such a solution. First and foremost, this would be a heavy burden on the car drivers. At present, taxes are already high for a lot of people, and so further taxes would only mean less money at the end of the month for most people who may have no choice but to drive every day. In addition, this type of tax would likely be set at a fixed amount. This wo uld mean that it would hit those with less money harder, whilst the rich could likely afford it. It is therefore not a fair tax. To conclude, this solution is worth considering to improve the current situation, but there are advantages and disadvantages of introducing such a policy.Traffic managementCreating a travel planOne of the most effective ways to ease traffic congestion at schools is to reduce the number of cars coming and going from your school. Boards of trustees can encourage students and staff to walk, cycle, take public transport, ride the school bus, participate in a walking school bus or car pool to school. Another way to manage traffic is to prepare a travel plan for traffic movement in and around the school, parking and pedestrians. Developing a travel plan with your community will get people thinking about alternative options for getting to and from school.Complete the Traffic management checklist [Word; 92kb] before preparing the travel plan. Guidance on developin g a travel plan is available at: NZ Transport Agency – provides a guide for developing school travel plans and organising a walking school bus Safe Kids New Zealand – has resources for educators about keeping kids safe including child pedestrian safety NZPolice – has a School Road SafetyEducation programme which teaches young people road safety skills. Check with your local council as they often have information about safety on the road. For example, Auckland Transport has information about road safety, walking and cycling, and encouraging students to use alternative transportation; Christchurch City Council has a programme called Safe Routes to Schools which investigates road safety issues in school communities and develops strategies to encourage safe and active travel to school. Improving traffic movement through the schoolA good system for dropping off and picking up students will help manage traffic around and through the school. The system will depend upon the school, for example, if the school is located in an urban area with busy streets, coordinating traffic in and out of the school during peak times is critical, otherwise drivers are tempted to park illegally in the surrounding neighbourhood. Illegal practices include double parking and parking on yellow lines, across driveways, and near crossings. Many drivers justify this behaviour because they are only parked for a short time and they usually stay with the car. However, this practice is irritating for neighbours and unsafe for other road users. Traffic movement checklistA good traffic system through the school includes: car traffic flows in a clearly marked oneway direction pedestrian access points located separately from car access points the bus bay is separated from car and pedestrian access points an off-street drop-off/pick-up zone staff station at key points to manage traffic flow car access separate from the car park. If your school does not have land available to creat e an on-site drop-off/pick-up zone, you can contact the local council and ask for a dedicated kerbside access area on an adjacent street, if there are traffic issues. An example of an efficient traffic systemOther ideas for improving the flow of traffic include: staggering start and finish times for different year groups having staff to manage drop-offs and pick-ups at peak times will encourage  cars to move along and not park. Paying for work to improve traffic systemsBoards can use Five Year Agreement (5YA) funding for work to improve traffic systems on their school site. Work needs to be planned in the 10 Year Property Plan (10YPP), and budgeted within the available 5YA funding. Car parkingBoards of trustees should have a parking policy about who can use the car parks on the school site. The policy will usually provide for staff and some visitors' car parks. It is likely that there are not enough parks for students at a secondary school, which can create congestion in the neigh bourhood. Schools can to talk to their local council, including parking enforcement officers familiar with the area, for ideas about managing the school’s parking issues. New car parksThe need for new or upgraded car parks may be triggered by new teaching spaces for roll growth space. In the new teaching spaces budget, boards are given a site works allowance for each roll growth classroom to pay for new car parks. The Ministry does not have a policy on the number of car parks schools should have, but local councils may have requirements in their District Plans that kick in when the school applies for building consent for a roll growth room or other type of project.The council may require a traffic impact assessment. If the costs of new parks exceed the site works allowance, either because of the number required by the council or their cost, then additional funding will be considered. If the board wants car parks in excess of the council requirement, this must be funded throug h 5YA.Special events – parkingSpecial events can cause parking problems. Ideas to manage these problems include: encouraging people to walk, car pool or use public transport opening up some of the grounds, such as playing fields or tennis courts, to provide extra parking arranging the use of nearby parking facilities  arranging the use of remote parking facilities and provide shuttles to the event employing staff to direct traffic.Traffic impact assessments When a school applies for a building consent for a new building project the council may ask for a traffic impact assessment. The council will want to know if the proposed project will generate extra traffic and a need for additional parking, and how the school intends to manage the changes in traffic or parking. For larger projects, the council may require a professionally-prepared traffic impact assessment with an engineer’s report. Ask your council for names of companies who carry out these assessments or search the internet for traffic assessment consultants.Traffic requirements vary depending on what the council has in their district plan. Some councils may require more parking spaces to be provided and some may have traffic requirements depending on the educational use, breaking them down by primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. Other councils may have more general requirements. Schools will have to convince the council they are managing parking and traffic flows – having a good travel plan and traffic system will help. Boards should ensure their school community are not causing traffic and parking problems for neighbours because those neighbours may object to a school’s building consent application. Traffic management checklistThe following checklist will be helpful: before starting the travel plan for use by the professional consultant hired to prepare a traffic impact assessment – the assessment should address these issues as a minimum and providing this information will reduce the time and therefore cost of a consultant.

Historical and Modern Terrorist Groups by Type

While there is no universally agreed-upon or legally binding definition of a terrorist act, the U.S. gives it a good try in Title 22 Chapter 38 U.S. Code  § 2656f, by defining  terrorism as an act of premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.  Or, in brief, the use of violence or threat of violence in the pursuit of political, religious, ideological, or social objectives. What we do know is that terrorism is nothing new. Even a cursory glance over the centuries reveals a startling list of groups for whom some form of violence is justified to  achieve  social, political, and religious change. Terrorism in Early History Most of us think of terrorism as a modern phenomenon. After all, many of the terrorist groups listed below rely or have relied on the mass media to spread their message through non-stop coverage. However, there are some pre-modern groups who used terror to achieve their ends, and who are often considered precursors to modern terrorists. For instance, the Sicarii, organized in the first century in Judea to protest Roman rule or the Thugee cult of assassins in ancient India who wreaked havoc and destruction in the name of Kali. Socialist/Communist Many groups committed to socialist revolution or the establishment of socialist or communist states arose in the last half of the 20th century, and many are now defunct. The most prominent included: Baader-Meinhof Group  (Germany; renamed Red Army Faction but defunct as of 1998)  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolutionary Struggle (Greece)Shining Path (Peru)Weather Underground Organization (United States) National Liberation National liberation is historically among the most potent reasons that extremist groups turn to violence to achieve their aims. There are many of these groups, but they have included: ETA (Basque)Fatah (PLO) (Palestinian)Irgun (Zionist)IRA (Irish)(Kurdish)Tamil Tigers (Sri Lankan Tamils) Religious-Political There has been a rise in religiosity globally since the 1970s and, with it, a rise in what many analysts call religious terrorism. It would be more accurate to call groups such as Al Qaeda religious-political, or religious-nationalist. We call them religious because they use a religious idiom and shape their mandate in divine terms. Their goals, however, are political: recognition, power, territory, concessions from states, and the like. Historically, such groups have included: Al Qaeda (transnational, Islamist)Aum Shinrikyo (renamed Aleph; Japanese, with various influences, including Hindu and Buddhist)Ku Klux Klan (U.S.,  Christian)Abu Sayyaf  (Philippines,  Islamist)Egyptian Islamic JihadHamas (Palestinian,  Islamist) (Hamas is designated by the U.S. and other governments as a terrorist group, but it is also the elected government of the Palestinian Authority)Hezbollah (Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S. and other governments, but others argue it should be considered a movement, rather than a terrorist group) State Terrorism Most states and transnational organizations (like the United Nations) define terrorists as non-state actors. This is often a highly contentious issue, and there are long-standing debates in the international sphere over a few states in particular. For instance, Iran and other Islamic states have long accused Israel of supporting terrorist acts in the surrounding settlements, Gaza, and elsewhere. Israel, on the other hand, contends it is fighting for its right to exist free of terror.  There are some states or state actions in history over which theres no dispute, though, such as in Nazi Germany or Stalinist Russia.