The Direct Genetic Loci Accounting For Schizophrenia s...

Conclusion The direct genetic loci accounting for schizophrenia’s heritability is still unidentified. The mental illness affects approximately 3.5million Americans and 1 percent of the worldwide population today. The variable related to the disease is so widely ranged that literally anyone can have some form of potential risk. Compared to other mental disorders, schizophrenia is unique to having a combination of many different environmental, genetic, and biological factors. The exact cause of the disease is still unknown, but studies such as biometric and molecular screenings have proved genetic and biological factors, combined with environmental factors, is strongly connected to the etiology of the disease. Although schizophrenia is more commonly manifested during young adulthood, scientists believes, a variety of pre-birth factors are linked to the development of the disease. There are several prenatal factors that have a higher relative risk to the progression of schizophrenia as rec orded by scientists. Although not proven, studies suggests time of birth, place of birth, infections during pregnancy, stress, malnourishment, and rh incompatibility are increased risk factors that shed light on possible causations of schizophrenia. Many studies are indefinite due to the latency, methodology, and of the disease, more research need to be established. Time of Birth The time leading to conception until birth is a very demanding and sensitive duration on the mental and

The Treatment Of Opioid Addiction - 1415 Words

You likely purchased this book because you or someone you care about is struggling with addiction. I suspect you are searching for help but don’t know where to find guidance based on reliable scientific principles. The information in this book will provide that guidance. There are many options for the treatment of opioid addiction. Those proven safe and effective are remarkably helpful. Others do not come with proof of effectiveness or safety and may do far more harm than good. Snake oil remedies have no place in the treatment of opioid addiction, an illness that can literally claim a life in a heartbeat and does so more than 50 times every day. The treatment options I describe are based on sound scientific principles. We call this evidence-based medicine, in that carefully controlled studies or years of use have proven the treatments effective and safe under the care of a licensed healthcare provider. I believe The Pain of Painkillers and The Hell of Heroin can be helpful in your time of need. This book is a distillation of what I have learned as a physician treating addiction for more than thirty years. Take advantage of what I have to offer. Read each chapter in the order presented. Appendix H: â€Å"Reader Resources† provides an extensive list of additional readings. I often refer to many of these resources because our knowledge of addiction is constantly changing. I learn something new each time I meet with a patient or read a scientific article on addiction. Whether youShow MoreRelatedTreatment Options For Opioid Addiction1422 Words   |  6 Pagesmore likely to relapse .1 Opioid addiction is defined as a pleasurable compulsive act that some may define as a disease. Unfortunately, treatment options for opioid addiction requires compliance by the patient in order to successfully overcome addiction. Probuphine is a new treatment to manage opioid addiction, which was FDA approved based on the safety and efficacy phase III clinical trial. Discussion: Probuphine provides an answer to the continuous increase in opioid user relapsing with its veryRead MoreThe Morality Of Using Opioid Assisted Treatments For Cases Of Addiction962 Words   |  4 Pages2753) DATE: February 21, 2017 RE: The Morality of Using Opioid Assisted Treatments for Cases of Addiction ____________________________________________________________________________ Primum non nocere or ‘above all, do no harm’ is a latin phrase that is the basis for the majority of medical ethics (expand on that). The question of whether or not heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) or methadone-assisted treatment (MAT) for drug addiction is morally or ethically sound boils down to two key componentRead MoreDenton Treatment Services Treats Clients Of Opioid Addictions1954 Words   |  8 PagesDenton Treatment Services treats clients of opioid addictions in the Denton County area. The area is known to be populated with many types of opioid addictions including heroin, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, methamphetamines, etc. Rehabilitation programs offered consist of detoxification, halfway house, Naltrexone (oral), Substance Abuse Treatment, and Vivitrol (Injectable Naltrexone). The treatment center is methadone based which means that they provide an alternative drug to manage withdrawalRead MoreUse And Prescribing Methods Of Opioids1158 Words   |   5 Pagesmethods of opioids. The positive effects of opioids as well as the negative effects are taken into account. In one study, conducted by Furlan, Sandoval, Mailis-Gagnon, and Tunks (2006), opioids were effective in the treatment of CNCP overall. However according to David N. Juurlink (2012), more recent and more rigorous studies suggest that opioid use disorders occur in up to one-third of patients on chronic opioid therapy. So abuse and addiction are likely to occur in people taking opioids long termRead MoreA Short Note On Opioid Addictive Brain Disease1663 Words   |  7 Pages Opioid Addictive Brain Disease Celina Covi Denver School of Nursing â€Æ' Abstract Addiction is a brain disease that affects neurochemical and physiological components of brain function. Kreek, Levran, Reed, Schlussman, Zhau, and Butelman (2012) found some individuals are genetically predisposed to addictive brain disease due to polymorphism of many genes, especially those involved in encoding opioid receptors and ligands. Addictive brain disease is epigenetic in nature, meaning that in additionRead MoreThe Drug Addiction Treatment Act Of 20001001 Words   |  5 PagesTo begin, opioid abuse and addiction have increased in frequency in the United States over the past 20 years.4 In 2009, an estimated 5.3 million persons used opioid medications nonmedically within the past month, 200000 used heroin, and approximately 9.6% of African Americans used an illicit drug.4 Racial and ethnic minorities experience disparities in availability and access to mental health care, including substance use disorders.4,7 Primary care practitioners are often called upon to differentiate Read MoreDrug Addiction : Treatment For Pain Management1396 Words   |  6 PagesStates, treatment for pain management is a top priority in the healthcare field. However, it is difficult for healthcare professionals to treat severe pain which requires the prescription of commonly abused medications such as morphine, oxycodone and hydrocodone. Pain that is reported by the patient is subjective and cannot be measured directly making it challenging to treat without producing addiction. Prescribed painkillers abuse has been linked to heroin addiction. Both prescribed opioids and heroinRead MoreSubstance Abuse And The United States1210 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. Opiate addiction is a particularly difficult problem in the State of Vermont where the abuse of prescription opioids has created addictions for many individuals. The problem of substance abuse has severe repercussions that may encompass severe dependence and overdose.1 Substance abuse is an epidemic that cannot be igno red. However, the combined forces of over-prescription, addiction and subsequent unemployment may mean that coverage for treatment for opioid addiction is not guaranteedRead MorePrescribing Drugs1711 Words   |  7 PagesSince this was discovered doctors became less willing to prescribe these types of easily abused pain relievers. Those who already became addicted to opioids and other drugs needed to obtain the drug in any way possible in order to satisfy their addiction. As mentioned by Manchikanti and Singh, people turned to doing heroine since it is the same type of opioid drug as the prescription medications they were abusing (2008). Another possible causation of the recent increase in heroin users is the fact thatRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On Addiction1226 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of knowledge on addiction, effects of addiction, and medication used to treat addiction. Reviewing the literature explains the definition of addiction, whether it is a choice or compulsi on, and specific medications used to treat dependence. Overall, using substances is a choice but addictive qualities are compulsions. Research has proven that medications are widely effective in treating substance abuse. Purpose The literature’s purpose is to inform its reader of addiction, the risks and consequences

Critical Appriciation of the Two Minuets Hate in 1984 Free Essays

Write a critical appreciation of pages 16-18 â€Å"in its second†¦ uttering a prayer†. How does the two minutes hate contribute to your understanding of the nightmare world in which Winston lives? The two minutes hate is almost a celebration of a cult, a sort of gathering of religious fanatics to honour their ruler, Big Brother. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Appriciation of the Two Minuets Hate in 1984 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Orwell uses it to show the expressions of anarchy amongst the ‘leaping and shouting’ people and how this would be their only chance to express their human feelings in the nightmare society in which they are forced to live. Winston’s dystopian world is displayed in Orwell’s unsympathetic parody of the two minutes silence in commemoration of WWII and epitomises the ‘frenzy’ of emotions, the terror and violent culture that Winston has to tolerate. His elaborate view of religious or political fanatics scrutinises these kinds of obsessions and demonstrates how it can over-power a person’s life. Control is one of the main components of the two minutes hate. The people are helpless, they are ‘like that of a landed fish’ in the robotic machine that is Big Brother. They cannot escape from ‘the voice’ that ‘continued inexorably’ and there is no escapism to be had in the ‘frenzy’ of voices yelling at the screen. This reflects a nightmare that is inescapable until we awake. Winston longs to awaken in a society capable of love, without suffering, but it seems he knows that can never arise. The world for Winston is a steady destruction of all good virtues and basic human rights that they are so cruelly being denied, which is shown so clearly through this extract. Winston finds it ‘impossible to avoid joining in’. This reflects the lack of control he has in all elements of his nightmarish life. The sheer violence of the episode overwhelms Winston’s mentality and creates an isolation of his mind to the rest of the ‘sheep’ and is inescapable. He has the power to rebel, although he submits to a ‘hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge hammer’. This juxtaposition of hideousness and ecstasy shows Winston’s abhorrence is all towards the party and Big Brother instead of the loathed Goldstein. In Winston’s conscious mind he changes into a ‘grimacing, screaming lunatic’ and is capable of switching his hate ‘from one object to another’. These images are distinctive of a dystopian novel and relates to the time of obsession and paranoia that was experienced during World War II, when the novel was written. Winston’s hate develops into an ‘inescapable’ sexual lust for ‘the black haired girl’. He describes his desire to ‘flog her to death’ and how it would be a ‘beautiful’ sight. This contradiction is Winston’s flicker of rebellion against the ‘sinister enchanter’ that is Big Brother. This introduces the theme of love versus hate, which is explored throughout the rest of the novel. The pointlessness of the hate strikes Winston as we see Winston’s weakness; he has a perplexed mind that cannot comprehend the point to the rage inflicted upon Goldstein. The fickleness of the Party members distresses Winston ‘the sandy haired woman shouting what sounded like â€Å"my Saviour†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ as he seems to realise the stupidity of the ‘frenzy’. Orwell contradicts the whole of the Party’s endeavour to create a ‘perfect’ world and stamp out all feelings, as ‘his heart went out to the lonely, derided, heretic on the screen’. Winston is conveying how he is himself a ‘heretic’ and rebelling against the beloved Big Brother which we see later in the novel also as Winston recognizes his rebellious potential. This shows his refusal of living ‘in a world of lies’. This ‘world’ epitomises the depression of Winston’s nightmare and the society he exists in and at this point, Winston becomes ‘at one with the people about him’, his mind is distorted ‘and all that was said of Goldstein seemed to him to be true’. Winston’s seemingly only flaw it that subconsciously he switches his thoughts from one side to another and it is only ‘the black haired girl’ who lays bare his real personality and sets him straight. The two minutes hate represents Orwell’s character and his novel as a whole as we see his hate for the outward expression of human feelings and his ultimate desire for control. We find his detestation of religious extremists on course throughout the novel, which replicates its dark and dystopian themes. He has channelled his hate in to his work and through what may indeed be a representation of the author himself, Winston’s Character. Every element of hope is lost for Winston during the two minutes hate. This raises our understanding of an embodiment of a nightmare world that hopelessly celebrates a religious cult and its inescapable anarchy, which will ultimately have its revenge on Winston’s mutinous mind. How to cite Critical Appriciation of the Two Minuets Hate in 1984, Papers

Anabolic Steroids Essay Blake Barton Example For Students

Anabolic Steroids Essay Blake Barton Anabolic SteroidsDescription:Anabolic steroids are performance enhancing drugs. They are asynthetic form of the chemical testosterone that is normally found in the body. By taking anabolic steroids, a persons testosterone level can be raised up to ahundred times more than the usual amount of 2.5 to 10 mg. Per day. The increasein testosterone increases anabolic activity, which results in greater musclebulk. It also increases protein synthesis and androgenic activity (enhancedsecondary sexual characteristics) in males. The users of steroids want toincrease the anabolic effects and reduce the androgenic effects, but no steroidis known to have just anabolic effects. Use:Anabolic steroids can be taken in two ways, by injection or they can betaken orally. Both oral and injected steroids carry benefits and adverseeffects. Orally taken steroids are well absorbed into the stomach and they areexcreted fairly rapidly. The bad side of taking oral steroids is that they aremore toxic than injected steroids. They are highly potent, which makes the riskof overdosing very high. Steroids that are injected are less toxic to the liverand are less potent than oral steroids on an equal dosage basis. Injectedsteroids have a delayed take up, which makes them last longer. It also allowsthem to be detected in drug tests for a longer period of time. How they work in the body:When anabolic steroids are introduced into the body, under certainconditions they increase: protein synthesis, lean body mass, and the nitrogenbalance in the body. A steroid receptor is formed which stimulates thesynthesis of enzymes. With the stimulus of enzymes in the body, proteinsynthesis is also increased. One enzyme system that is placed into the body bythe receptor is the ribonucleic acid (RNA)-polymerose system. This systempromotes cellular protein metabolism and synthesis which utilizes nitrogen. Byutilizing the nitrogen, the anabolic action is increased, which leads to largermuscle size and strength. Anabolic steroids also increase nitrogen retention inthe body. They move the nitrogen equilibrium to the positive side. This allowsthe body to utilize ingested protein better, but the balance does not lastforever. The bodys homeostatic mechanisms regulate the balance and change itback to normal. This is one set back to anabolic steroid use. In order to gainlean body mass a person may have to eat up to 10,000 calories / day and mustcontinue a rigorous weight training program. If this is not followed, takingthe steroids would be worthless. Adverse Effects:Despite the increase in muscle size and strength, anabolic steroidscarry an even greater risk, the side effects. The side effects can be permanentor even deadly. Serious side effects are seen in the liver, the cardiovascular,central nervous and reproductive/endocrine systems. One major side effect that can be found in the liver is hepatotoxicity. This is the poisoning of the liver. It shuts down the livers ability toprocess blood, which in turn shuts down the whole body. Prolonged use ofanabolic steroids can cause cholestosis and jaundice (yellowish coloring of theeyes, skin and body fluids). Even though most adverse side effects in the liverare reversible upon discontinuation of steroids, fatalities can occur. Thefatalities occur from hepatic cholestosis, liver tumors or peliosis hepatitis(blood filled cysts that can rupture and cause bleeding and liver failure). Very noticeable effects occur in the reproductive system. In males thetesticles shrink by about 20%. They become impotent. Their sperm count candecrease by 90%. Also gynecomastia can be seen in males. Gynecomastia is theenlargement of the breasts. One adverse effect that can be seen in both malesand females using steroids is inappropriate hair growth. In females, anabolicsteroids can cause irregularities in their menstrual cycles. It causes thefemale voice to deepen and clitoral hypertrophy. Clitoral hypertrophy is theenlargement of the clitoris. Many of these things are irreversible, but somecan be changed with the discontinuation of steroid use. .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .postImageUrl , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:hover , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:visited , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:active { border:0!important; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:active , .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3a7362307b2320e3d20d4b4aad9245a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business law EssayIn the cardiovascular system adverse effects can be very deadly. Whentaking steroids an increase in LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and adecrease in HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol occurs in the bloodstream. This can carry a risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarctions. They can also cause retention of fluids. High blood pressure can cause anincreased risk of congestive heart failure and strokes. The adverse effects in the musculoskeletal systems are not lifethreatening, but they are very noticeable. Younger steroids users can have apremature closure of the epiphyses (growth plates) in the long bones. Thisirreversibly limits the full adult height potential. With the use of steroids,muscle/tendon strength changes. The muscles become stronger, but the tendonsbecome stiffer and less able to withstand force. This causes an increase inmuscle strains or ruptures. The central nervous system is also effected by the use of steroids. Inthe person taking steroids, aggressive behavior, self confidence and a sense ofwell being are seen. Also manic mood swings can occur. These mood swings canrange from euphoria to sexual arousal to irritability and hostility. Cognitiveimpairment can also set in on the user. Cognitive impairment can involvedistractibility, forgetfulness, and confusion. History:The use of steroids is nothing new to the world. Since the time of theGreek Olympics athletes have been using performance enhancing drugs in order toheighten their athletic performance. In 1886 the 1st person to die due toperformance enhancing drugs was a French cyclist. He took a speed-ball, a mixof cocaine and heroin, which eventually killed him. Physicians in the 20s rantests on athletes by inserting monkey testicles into male athletes to help boosttheir vitality. Adolf Hitler supposedly administered the hormone testosteroneto himself and his troops in order to increase aggressiveness. In 1953 thefirst anabolic steroid was introduced. It had five times more strength buildingeffects than natural hormones. In the 1960s the IOC (International OlympicCommittee) started to ban performance enhancing drugs due to their popular use. At the 1976 summer games in Montreal, the IOC initiated the first testing forsteroids. Today testing is done routinely on the collegiate and internationallevel. The USOC (United States Olympic Committee) can suspend an athlete for upto two years if caught using steroids. Repeat offenders may be suspended fromcompeting on the Olympic level for life. The NCAA does year round testingregardless if the athlete is in season or not. Selected teams are notified twodays in advance of being tested, and 18 players are tested at that time. Positive testing results in a one year suspension of the student athlete. Signs of use:The physical signs that are portrayed by steroid users are extremelynoticeable. They include:Rapid weight gainAlterations in body composition, with marked muscle hypertrophyDisproportionate development of the upper torsoSevere acneNeedle marks in large muscle groupsDevelopment of male pattern baldnessGynecomastia (breast enlargement)Increased susceptibility to tendon strains and injuriesMore frequent hematoma or bruisingJaundiceElevated blood pressureHirsutism (abnormal development of facial / body hair)Atrophied breasts in femalesDeepening of the voice in femalesLegal penalties:The use of steroids can carry a maximum of 10 years in prison. Also afine can be imposed in addition to the jail sentence, or by itself. The finecan be as high as $250,000. Statistics:260,000 students in grades 7 to 12 either use or have used steroids. The American Heart Assoc. estimates at least half of all Division Icollege football players have used steroids over a substantial period oftime. Black market steroids are topping sales of $400 million per year. .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .postImageUrl , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:hover , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:visited , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:active { border:0!important; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:active , .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51 .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21a2f3d269822d12aba4ae4f82c9eb51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fraternities And Gang Rape EssayOne million Americans, half of them adolescents use black marketsteroids. In order to obtain good muscle mass building a person may have to consume 10,000calories / day or the steroids will be useless. Social Issues